Below are articles, chapters and reports related to stereotypes and language use, as published by team members.

Articles in peer-reviewed academic journals:

Beukeboom, C. J. (2025). Linguistic stereotyping in natural language: How and when we generalize in communication about people. Atlantic Journal of Communication, 33 (5), 750-765. https://doi.org/10.1080/15456870.2025.2525799

Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C., & van der Meer, J. (2024). When “sometimes” means “often”: How stereotypes affect the interpretation of quantitative expressions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 43, 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X231212883

Beukeboom, C. J., Burgers, C., van Woerkom, M., de Meijer, S., de Vries, L. & Ferdinandus, D. (2023). Stereotypical questions: How stereotypes about conversation partners are reflected in question formulation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672231205084

Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., Smith, P. A. L., & van Biemen, T. (2023). How Live Twitter Commentaries by Professional Sports Clubs Can Reveal Intergroup Dynamics. Computers in Human Behavior, 139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107528

Burgers, C., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2020). How language contributes to stereotype formation: Combined effects of label types and negation use in behavior descriptions. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39, 438-456. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X20933320

Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2020). Seeing bias in irony: How recipients infer speakers’ stereotypes from their ironic remarks about social-category members. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 23, 1085-1102. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430219887439

Beukeboom, C. J., Burgers, C., Szabó, Z. P., Cvejic, S., Lönnqvist, J.-E. M., & Welbers, K. (2020). The Negation Bias in Stereotype Maintenance: A Replication in Five Languages. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 39, 219-236. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261927X19869759

Beukeboom, C. J. & Burgers, C. (2019). How Stereotypes Are Shared Through Language: A Review and Introduction of the Social Categories and Stereotypes Communication (SCSC) Framework. Review of Communication Research, 7, 1-37. https://doi.org/10.12840/issn.2255-4165.017. Full text  

Burgers, C., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2016). Stereotype Transmission and Maintenance Through Interpersonal Communication The Irony Bias. Communication Research, 43, 414–441. http://doi.org/10.1177/0093650214534975

Burgers, C., Beukeboom, C. J., Kelder, M., & Peeters, M.M.E. (2015). How sports fans forge intergroup competition through language: The case of verbal irony. Human Communication Research, 41, 435-457. http://doi.org/10.1111/hcre.12052

Beukeboom, C. J., Finkenauer, C., & Wigboldus, D. H. J. (2010). The negation bias: When negations signal stereotypic expectancies. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 99, 978-992. http://doi.org/10.1037/a0020861

Articles in peer reviewed conference proceedings

Sommerauer, P., Rambelli, G. Caselli, T. Simulating Identity, Propagating Bias: Abstraction and Stereotypes in LLM-Generated Text. Proceedings of Findings of Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing 2025 (EMNLP Findings 2025). Accepted to EMNLP 2025 and available as a pre-print via ArXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2509.08484

Fokkens, A., Ruigrok, N., Beukeboom, C. J., Gagestein, S. & Van Atteveldt, W. (2019) Studying Muslim Stereotyping through Microportrait Extraction. In: Proceedings of the 11th edition of the Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC2018), Miyazaki, Japan. http://www.lrec-conf.org/proceedings/lrec2018/pdf/989.pdf

Book chapters

Beukeboom, C. J. (2023). Linguistic (Un)boxing: Understanding Social Categorisation, Diversity and Inclusion by Focusing on Language Use. In Ivar Vermeulen (Ed.), Connected World: Insights from 100 Academics on How to Build Better Connections. Amsterdam (NL): VU University Press. https://vuuniversitypress.com/product/connected-world/

Beukeboom, C. J., & Burgers, C. (2017). Linguistic bias. In H. Giles and J. Harwood (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Intergroup Communication. New York: Oxford University Press. doi: 10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.439. http://communication.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228613-e-439

Beukeboom, C. J. (2014). Mechanisms of linguistic bias: How words reflect and maintain stereotypic expectancies (Chapt.). In J. Laszlo, J. Forgas, & O. Vincze (Eds.), Social Cognition and Communication (pp. 313-330). New York, NY: Psychology Press. http://hdl.handle.net/1871/47698

Public reports commissioned by (semi) governmental institution

Fokkens, A., & Beukeboom, C. J. (2020). Leeftijdsdiscriminatie in vacatureteksten: Een herhaalde geautomatiseerde inhoudsanalyse naar verboden leeftijd-gerelateerd taalgebruik in vacatureteksten uit 2017 en 2019. Rapport in opdracht van het College voor de Rechten van de Mens.

Fokkens, A., Beukeboom, C. J. & Maks, I. (2018). Leeftijdsdiscriminatie in vacatureteksten: Een geautomatiseerde inhoudsanalyse naar verboden leeftijd-gerelateerd taalgebruik in vacatureteksten. Report commissioned by The Netherlands Institute for Human Rights. https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/59663628/Leeftijdsdiscriminatie_in_vacatureteksten_Rapport_CRM_15mrt18.pdf

Mann, L., Beukeboom, C. J. & Fokkens, A. (2017). Leeftijdsdiscriminatie op de Arbeidsmarkt in de Wervings- en selectiefase: Een verkenning van verboden leeftijd-gerelateerd taalgebruik in vacatureteksten. Report commissioned by the Dutch Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. https://research.vu.nl/ws/portalfiles/portal/99860012/Eindrapport_leeftijdsdiscriminatie_op_de_arbeidsmarkt_Mann_Beukeboom_Fokkens_2017.pdf